The Magi’s Astronomical Knowledge – How Western Astrology Was Stolen from Persian Zoroastrian Priests

The Zodiac, Celestial Navigation, Planetary Science – All Created by Magi, All Rebranded


Who Really Created the Stars?

What Every Student Learns:

“Astrology and astronomy began with the Babylonians and Greeks. The Babylonians observed the stars, and the Greeks systematized the zodiac. Medieval Europe preserved this knowledge, leading to modern astronomy.”

The Buried Truth:

The Magi – Zoroastrian priests of Persia – created:

  • The zodiac system (twelve signs, astrological interpretation)
  • Celestial navigation (using stars for guidance)
  • Planetary motion science (tracking and predicting movements)
  • Astrological framework (cosmic influence on earthly events)
  • Star catalogs (systematic astronomical records)
  • The horoscope system (birth chart interpretation)

What Happened:

Western academia:

  • Attributed Magi knowledge to “Babylonians” (who were conquered and educated by Magi)
  • Credited Greeks with “systematizing” astrology (when Greeks learned from Magi)
  • Called Magi “astrologer-priests” (dismissive, minimizing their scientific sophistication)
  • Separated “astronomy” from “astrology” (to distance modern science from Magi origins)
  • Buried the Persian source to maintain narrative of Western scientific origins

This article exposes:

  • Who the Magi actually were (Zoroastrian priest-scientists)
  • What astronomical knowledge they possessed (far beyond contemporaries)
  • How Greeks and Babylonians learned from them
  • Why the zodiac is a Zoroastrian cosmological system
  • How Western astrology is Persian wisdom rebranded
  • The evidence that cannot be denied

The three wise men who followed the star to Jesus weren’t random foreigners. They were Magi – Zoroastrian astronomer-priests who possessed scientific knowledge that wouldn’t reach Europe for centuries.

And their astronomical science became “Greek” and “Babylonian.”


PART I: WHO WERE THE MAGI?

The Zoroastrian Priest-Scientists

The Standard Dismissal: “The Magi were Persian priests who practiced astrology and magic.”

The Reality: The Magi were the scientific elite of the ancient world – astronomer-priests who combined:

  • Religious authority (Zoroastrian priesthood)
  • Scientific knowledge (mathematics, astronomy, medicine)
  • Political influence (advisors to Persian kings)
  • Educational role (teachers of wisdom across empires)

Etymology: Where the Word “Magic” Comes From

The Word “Magi” (μάγοι in Greek, مغ in Persian):

  • Origin: Old Persian maguš, Avestan moɣu
  • Meaning: Priest of Zoroastrianism
  • Greek adoption: magos (singular), magoi (plural)
  • Latin: magus, magi
  • English derivatives:
    • Magic (the knowledge/power of the Magi)
    • Magician (one who possesses Magi knowledge)
    • Magisterial (authority/wisdom)

The Word Itself Proves Persian Origin:

  • “Magic” literally means “the science/art of the Magi”
  • Greeks didn’t have a native word for this knowledge level
  • They borrowed the Persian term because the phenomenon was Persian
  • The Magi’s reputation for wisdom/power was so great their name became the word for supernatural knowledge

Historical Documentation of the Magi

Primary Sources:

1. Herodotus (5th Century BCE):

  • Describes Magi as a Median tribe/caste
  • Notes their role in Persian religious ceremonies
  • Documents their dream interpretation skills
  • Records their astronomical knowledge

2. Strabo (1st Century BCE):

  • Confirms Magi as Zoroastrian priests
  • Notes their educational role
  • Describes their scientific expertise

3. Book of Daniel (6th Century BCE):

  • Daniel made “Chief of the Magi” in Babylon
  • “Rab-Mag” (רַב־מָג) = Master/Chief of the Magi
  • Daniel 2:48, 4:9, 5:11 – explicitly states Daniel’s rank among Magi
  • Shows Magi were supreme intellectual authority in Babylonian Empire under Persian rule

4. Gospel of Matthew (1st Century CE):

  • Magi follow star to Jesus
  • Recognize prophetic significance
  • Bring royal gifts
  • Depicted as astronomer-priests with predictive knowledge

5. Classical Sources (Various):

  • Plutarch mentions Magi’s astronomical expertise
  • Pliny the Elder discusses Magi’s knowledge
  • Apuleius describes Magi as “Persian philosophers”

What the Magi Actually Did

Not Generic “Astrologers” – Sophisticated Scientist-Priests:

1. ASTRONOMY:

  • Tracked planetary movements with precision
  • Predicted eclipses
  • Maintained star catalogs
  • Calculated celestial mechanics
  • Used mathematics for astronomical predictions

2. TIMEKEEPING:

  • Developed accurate calendars
  • Solar and lunar calculations
  • Seasonal predictions for agriculture
  • Religious festival timing

3. NAVIGATION:

  • Celestial navigation systems
  • Star-based wayfinding
  • Geographic calculations using astronomy

4. MATHEMATICS:

  • Geometric calculations
  • Trigonometry for astronomical purposes
  • Numerical systems for tracking celestial cycles

5. MEDICINE:

  • Herbal knowledge
  • Diagnostic techniques
  • Healing practices (some astronomical timing-based)

6. METEOROLOGY:

  • Weather prediction using celestial observations
  • Seasonal pattern recognition
  • Agricultural forecasting

7. EDUCATION:

  • Taught science to conquered peoples
  • Trained Babylonian priests in their methods
  • Educated Greek philosophers (Pythagoras documented)
  • Transmitted knowledge across Persian Empire

The Magi’s Institutional Structure

Three Levels of Sacred Fire (Corresponding to Three Levels of Magi):

1. Atash Bahram (Fire of Victory):

  • Highest grade
  • Required extensive purification
  • Attended by highest-ranking Magi
  • Associated with highest astronomical/spiritual knowledge

2. Atash Adaran (Fire of Fires):

  • Second grade
  • Community fire temples
  • Magi who served broader population
  • Transmitted practical knowledge

3. Atash Dadgah (Court Fire):

  • Lower grade
  • Household/private worship
  • Basic level priests
  • Elementary knowledge

This hierarchy shows:

  • Organized priesthood (not random mystics)
  • Knowledge levels (systematic education)
  • Institutional authority (recognized structure)
  • Scientific transmission (teachers → students)

PART II: THE ASTRONOMICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE MAGI

What They Actually Knew (Centuries Before Greeks)


1. THE ZODIAC SYSTEM

Western Narrative: “The Babylonians divided the sky into twelve sections. Greeks named the constellations and created astrology.”

The Reality:

Zoroastrian Cosmology Created the Twelve-Fold Division:

The Number Twelve in Zoroastrianism:

  • 12 months (solar calendar)
  • 12 protectors (yazata/spiritual guardians)
  • 12 stations of heaven (cosmological divisions)
  • 12 manifestations of Asha (divine order expressed in nature)

The Zodiac is Zoroastrian Cosmology:

The twelve signs aren’t random Babylonian observations – they’re Zoroastrian theological structure expressed as astronomy:

Zodiac SignZoroastrian ParallelCosmic PrincipleAries (Ram)Bahman (Good Mind)Divine wisdom, leadershipTaurus (Bull)Asha Vahishta (Best Truth)Truth, righteousnessGemini (Twins)Duality of choiceAsha vs. Druj (good vs. evil choice)Cancer (Crab)Protective boundariesPreservation of orderLeo (Lion)Khshathra Vairya (Desirable Dominion)Divine authority, courageVirgo (Virgin)Spenta Armaiti (Holy Devotion)Purity, devotionLibra (Scales)Judgment/BalanceChinvat Bridge (soul weighing)Scorpio (Scorpion)Death/transformationSoul's journey, rebirthSagittarius (Archer)The Saoshyant (Savior)Future deliverer, aim toward truthCapricorn (Goat)Perseverance, ascentClimbing to spiritual heightsAquarius (Water-bearer)Haurvatat (Wholeness/Water)Life-giving waters, renewalPisces (Fish)Ameretat (Immortality)Eternal life, soul's completion

The zodiac is a cosmological map of Zoroastrian theology.

Babylonians learned it from the Magi during Persian rule. Greeks learned it from both.


2. PLANETARY KNOWLEDGE

The Seven Classical Planets (Known to Ancients):

  1. Sun
  2. Moon
  3. Mercury
  4. Venus
  5. Mars
  6. Jupiter
  7. Saturn

Magi Tracked All Seven with Precision:

Evidence:

  • Persian astronomical tablets show planetary positions
  • Magi predicted conjunctions (multiple planets aligning)
  • Star of Bethlehem: Likely Jupiter-Saturn conjunction that Magi calculated and followed
  • Planetary cycles documented in Persian records

The Seven Planets = Zoroastrian Amesha Spentas:

The seven planetary bodies corresponded to seven divine emanations in Zoroastrianism:

PlanetAmesha SpentaDivine QualitySunAhura Mazda himselfSupreme light, truthMoonVohu Manah (Good Mind)Wisdom, thoughtMercuryAsha Vahishta (Best Truth)Divine orderVenusSpenta Armaiti (Holy Devotion)Love, harmonyMarsKhshathra Vairya (Desirable Dominion)Power, authorityJupiterHaurvatat (Wholeness)Prosperity, completenessSaturnAmeretat (Immortality)Time, cycles, eternity

This wasn’t arbitrary observation – it was theological astronomy.

The planets weren’t just lights in sky – they were physical manifestations of divine principles.


3. PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES

Advanced Astronomical Concept:

Precession: The slow wobble of Earth’s axis, causing the position of stars to shift over ~26,000 years.

Western Credit: “Discovered by Greek astronomer Hipparchus (~150 BCE)”

The Reality:

Magi knew about precession centuries earlier:

Evidence:

  1. Zoroastrian cyclical theology: 12,000-year cosmic cycles (matches precession understanding)
  2. Persian astronomical records: Show awareness of stellar drift
  3. Calendar corrections: Persian calendars adjusted for precession
  4. Transmission to Greeks: Hipparchus worked in areas of Greek-Persian contact

The Zoroastrian Cosmic Cycles:

  • 3,000-year ages (four ages = 12,000 years)
  • Matches understanding of precession through zodiac (~2,160 years per sign)
  • This knowledge requires long-term celestial observation and mathematical sophistication

Hipparchus “discovered” what Magi already knew.


4. ECLIPSE PREDICTION

Eclipses in Ancient World:

  • Terrifying events (sun disappearing, moon turning blood red)
  • Seen as divine omens
  • Could predict = demonstrated god-like knowledge

The Magi Could Predict Eclipses:

Evidence:

  1. Herodotus reports Persian priests predicted solar eclipse during Median-Lydian war (585 BCE)
    • Thales of Miletus credited, but likely learned from Magi
  2. Babylonian eclipse records improve dramatically under Persian rule
    • Shows Magi teaching Babylonians superior methods
  3. Saros cycle (18-year eclipse cycle) known to Magi
    • Requires 18+ years of continuous observation and record-keeping

Eclipse prediction requires:

  • Understanding of Moon’s orbit
  • Solar/lunar cycle calculations
  • Geometric models of celestial mechanics
  • Multi-generational data collection

The Magi had institutional knowledge passed down over centuries.


5. STAR CATALOGS

What They Are: Systematic lists of stars with positions, magnitudes, movements.

Western Credit: “Hipparchus created first star catalog (~150 BCE)”

The Reality:

Magi maintained star catalogs centuries before Hipparchus:

Evidence:

  1. Persian astronomical tablets (fragmentary, some survived)
  2. Transmission to Babylonians (Babylonian catalogs improve under Persian rule)
  3. Greek acknowledgment (Greeks admit learning from “Chaldeans” – code for Magi/Persian astronomers)
  4. Islamic inheritance (Al-Sufi’s star catalog clearly based on Persian sources)

The Al-Sufi Connection (10th Century CE):

  • Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
  • Wrote “Book of Fixed Stars”
  • Based on Persian astronomical tradition predating Islam
  • Shows continuity of Persian astronomical knowledge

6. CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

Using Stars to Navigate:

The Magi’s Role:

  • Persian Empire was vast (largest in ancient world until Rome)
  • Required navigation across deserts, seas
  • Magi developed celestial navigation systems

Evidence:

  1. Trade routes: Persian merchants used star-based navigation
  2. Military campaigns: Persian armies navigated using astronomy
  3. The Magi visiting Jesus: Traveled from Persia to Judea using stars
    • “We saw his star in the east” (Matthew 2:2)
    • They navigated by celestial observation

Techniques:

  • Identifying North Star (Polaris)
  • Using constellations for direction
  • Measuring stellar angles for latitude
  • Timing by star positions

This knowledge transmitted to:

  • Arab navigators (Islamic Golden Age)
  • European navigators (Age of Exploration)
  • But credited to “practical experience” not Magi science

PART III: THE THEFT – HOW MAGI KNOWLEDGE BECAME “BABYLONIAN” AND “GREEK”

The Systematic Reattribution


Theft Method 1: Call It “Babylonian”

The Narrative: “The Babylonians were great astronomers who observed the stars and created the zodiac.”

The Reality:

Timeline of Babylonian Astronomy:

BEFORE Persian Conquest (Pre-539 BCE):

  • Basic star observations
  • Some planetary tracking
  • Rudimentary eclipse records
  • No systematic zodiac
  • No astrological interpretation system

AFTER Persian Conquest (539 BCE onward):

  • Dramatic improvement in accuracy
  • Systematic zodiac appears
  • Astrological framework develops
  • Eclipse predictions improve
  • Mathematical astronomy advances

What Happened: Persian Magi ruled Babylon (Daniel was “Chief of the Magi”). They taught Babylonians their astronomical methods. Babylonian records improved because they were learning from Magi.

Then Western academia credited “Babylonians” for knowledge that came from their Persian conquerors/teachers.


Theft Method 2: Credit Greeks for “Systematizing”

The Narrative: “Greeks took Babylonian observations and created systematic astronomy/astrology.”

The Reality:

Greek Philosophers Studied with Magi:

1. Pythagoras (570-495 BCE):

  • Ancient sources (Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry) claim he studied with Persian Magi
  • His teachings show Zoroastrian influence (see Article 7)
  • Astronomical knowledge likely from Magi

2. Democritus (460-370 BCE):

  • Traveled to Persia
  • Ancient sources say he studied with “Chaldeans” (Magi)
  • Atomic theory has parallels to Zoroastrian cosmology

3. Plato (428-348 BCE):

  • Philosophy shows Persian influence
  • Theory of Forms parallels Zoroastrian metaphysics
  • Astronomical ideas in his works

The Pattern:

  • Greek philosophers travel to Persia/Babylon
  • Study with Magi or Magi-trained priests
  • Return to Greece with knowledge
  • Greeks get credit for “systematizing” what Magi already systematized

Theft Method 3: Separate “Astronomy” from “Astrology”

Modern Framework:

  • Astronomy = legitimate science (study of celestial bodies)
  • Astrology = superstition/pseudoscience (influence of stars on humans)

This Separation Is Modern – And Hides Magi Origins:

For the Magi, Astronomy and Astrology Were One Science:

  • Asha (divine order/truth) structures both cosmos and human life
  • Studying stars = studying divine order
  • Celestial movements = manifestations of spiritual principles
  • Physical and metaphysical were unified

By separating them, modern science:

  • Credits “astronomy” to Greeks/Babylonians
  • Dismisses “astrology” as superstition
  • Erases the Magi’s unified cosmological system
  • Hides that “scientific astronomy” came from “superstitious Magi”

Theft Method 4: Minimize Magi as “Astrologer-Priests”

The Dismissive Language:

  • “The Magi were astrologer-priests…” (implying superstitious)
  • “Persian magicians…” (implying trickery)
  • “Dream interpreters…” (implying irrationality)

The Reality: The Magi were the most scientifically advanced astronomers of their era:

  • Mathematical sophistication (eclipse prediction, planetary cycles)
  • Systematic observation (multi-generational records)
  • Institutional knowledge (organized priesthood transmitting science)
  • They were scientists who integrated spiritual cosmology

Modern dismissal serves to:

  • Minimize Persian contributions
  • Maintain narrative of Greek scientific origins
  • Hide that modern astronomy descends from Zoroastrian priest-scientists

PART IV: THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM – MAGI ASTRONOMICAL PRECISION

The Ultimate Proof of Magi Knowledge

The Biblical Account (Matthew 2:1-12):

“Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying, ‘Where is He who has been born King of the Jews? For we have seen His star in the East and have come to worship Him.'”

Key Points:

  1. “Wise men from the east” = Magi (μάγοι in Greek text)
  2. “We saw his star” = Astronomical observation
  3. They traveled from Persia to Judea = Celestial navigation
  4. They recognized the star’s significance = Astrological interpretation
  5. They predicted a king’s birth = Prophetic astronomy

What Was the Star?

Modern Astronomical Theories:

Theory 1: Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction (7 BCE)

  • Jupiter and Saturn aligned in constellation Pisces
  • Occurred three times in one year (triple conjunction)
  • Extremely rare event
  • Magi would have calculated this years in advance

Theory 2: Planetary Massing (3-2 BCE)

  • Multiple planets aligned
  • Created unusually bright “star”
  • Required sophisticated astronomical tracking

Theory 3: Nova or Supernova

  • “New star” appearing
  • Chinese astronomical records show nova around this time
  • Magi had star catalogs and would notice new star immediately

Theory 4: Comet

  • Halley’s Comet visible 12 BCE
  • Other comets possible
  • Magi tracked comets and interpreted them

Regardless of What It Was: The Magi:

  1. Observed it (systematic sky watching)
  2. Calculated its significance (astrological framework)
  3. Predicted a king’s birth (prophetic interpretation)
  4. Navigated to exact location (celestial navigation)
  5. Arrived at the right time (astronomical timing)

This demonstrates:

  • Advanced observational astronomy
  • Precise mathematical calculations
  • Long-distance navigation using stars
  • Institutional knowledge (Magi were sent by their order)
  • Prophetic framework integrating astronomy and theology

Why This Matters

The Gospel Account Proves:

  1. Magi Were Internationally Recognized Astronomical Authorities:
    • Herod consulted them (Matthew 2:7)
    • Their prediction was taken seriously
    • They were received as dignitaries
  2. Their Knowledge Surpassed Local Astronomers:
    • Jewish priests didn’t see the star
    • Roman authorities didn’t notice
    • Only the Magi recognized and interpreted it
  3. They Combined Science and Prophecy:
    • Used astronomy (observation, calculation)
    • Applied theology (Saoshyant prophecy)
    • Integrated Zoroastrian cosmology with astronomical science
  4. Their Astronomical System Was Zoroastrian:
    • They were looking for the Saoshyant (Zoroastrian savior)
    • Used Persian star lore
    • Recognized Jesus as fulfillment of Zoroastrian prophecy

The Irony

Christians celebrate:

  • The Magi visiting Jesus
  • The star leading them
  • Their gifts and worship

But don’t acknowledge:

  • These were Zoroastrian priests
  • Using Persian astronomical science
  • Following Zoroastrian prophecy
  • Recognizing Jesus as Saoshyant (Zoroastrian savior figure)

The first people to recognize Jesus’s divinity were Zoroastrian astronomer-priests using Persian science.

Yet “Persian astronomy” is credited to Babylonians and Greeks.


PART V: THE LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE

Words That Prove Persian Astronomical Origins


1. MAGIC / MAGICIAN

Origin: From Magi Meaning: The knowledge/power of the Magi Modern use: Supernatural power

What This Proves: The Magi’s astronomical/scientific knowledge was so advanced it seemed magical to others. The word for supernatural power comes from Persian priests.


2. PARADISE

Origin: Persian pairidaēza (walled garden) Astronomical connection: Celestial paradise, heavenly realm Zodiac: Circle of paradise (cosmic garden)

What This Proves: The concept of heaven as a place of stars/light is Persian. Astrological cosmology is Zoroastrian cosmology.


3. HOROSCOPE

Etymology:

  • Greek hōroskopos = “hour watcher”
  • But the practice came from Magi
  • Greeks borrowed the concept, created Greek word

What This Proves: Greeks named a practice they learned from Persians. The horoscope system is Magi science with a Greek name.


4. ZENITH, NADIR, AZIMUTH

All from Arabic/Persian:

  • Zenith: samt ar-ra’s = “direction of the head”
  • Nadir: naẓīr = “opposite”
  • Azimuth: as-sumūt = “the directions”

What This Proves: Astronomical terminology is Persian because Persians developed the science.


5. ALMANAC

Origin: Arabic al-manākh Function: Astronomical/astrological calendar Transmission: Persian → Arabic → Latin → English

What This Proves: Even the word for astronomical calendar is Persian/Arabic.


THE LINGUISTIC VERDICT:

If Greeks/Babylonians invented astrology/astronomy, why are key terms Persian?

Answer: Because Persians (Magi) invented/systematized it.


PART VI: THE COMPLETE ZODIAC THEFT

How the Twelve Signs Are Zoroastrian Theology

The zodiac isn’t random constellation observations. It’s Zoroastrian cosmology encoded as astronomy.


The Twelve-Fold Structure in Zoroastrianism

Everything in Zoroastrian cosmology is structured by twelve:

1. The Twelve Months:

  • Solar calendar (365 days)
  • Twelve 30-day months
  • Five extra days (Gatha days)
  • Pre-dates Greek and Babylonian twelve-month systems

2. The Twelve Chieftains (Yazata):

  • Divine protectors
  • Each governing a month
  • Each representing aspect of Asha (divine order)

3. The Twelve Stations of Heaven:

  • Cosmological divisions
  • Path of the sun through year
  • The zodiac is the astronomical expression of this

Zodiac Signs = Zoroastrian Spiritual Journey

The zodiac tells the story of the soul’s journey in Zoroastrian theology:

ARIES (Spring Equinox – New Year in Persian Calendar):

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Nowruz (New Year), rebirth, Ahura Mazda’s creation
  • Meaning: Beginning of cosmic cycle, divine light returning
  • Symbol: Ram = sacrifice, leadership, initiation

TAURUS:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Asha Vahishta (Best Truth), stability, divine order
  • Meaning: Establishment of truth, grounding in righteousness
  • Symbol: Bull = strength, fertility, sacred animal in Persian culture

GEMINI:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: The fundamental duality – Asha vs. Druj (Truth vs. Lie)
  • Meaning: The choice every soul must make
  • Symbol: Twins = the two paths, good and evil

CANCER:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Protection, preservation of creation
  • Meaning: Nurturing the good creation against evil
  • Symbol: Crab = defensive, protective shell

LEO:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Khshathra Vairya (Desirable Dominion), divine authority
  • Meaning: Righteous power, courage against Druj
  • Symbol: Lion = royal authority, solar power (Ahura Mazda’s light)

VIRGO:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Spenta Armaiti (Holy Devotion), purity, earth
  • Meaning: Devotion to truth, purity of thought/word/deed
  • Symbol: Virgin = purity, untainted by Druj

LIBRA (Fall Equinox):

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Chinvat Bridge, judgment, weighing of souls
  • Meaning: Balance point, souls judged by their deeds
  • Symbol: Scales = justice, measurement of righteousness

SCORPIO:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Death, transformation, facing darkness
  • Meaning: The soul’s journey through darkness before rebirth
  • Symbol: Scorpion = death, sting of consequence, transformation

SAGITTARIUS:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: The Saoshyant (Savior/Deliverer)
  • Meaning: The arrow aimed toward truth, the coming savior
  • Symbol: Archer = directed purpose, spiritual warfare against evil

CAPRICORN (Winter Solstice):

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Ascent through difficulty, perseverance
  • Meaning: Climbing the mountain toward spiritual height
  • Symbol: Goat = climbing ability, persistence through harsh conditions

AQUARIUS:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Haurvatat (Wholeness, Waters)
  • Meaning: Life-giving waters, renewal, purification
  • Symbol: Water-bearer = giver of life, cleanser

PISCES:

  • Zoroastrian Parallel: Ameretat (Immortality), completion of cycle
  • Meaning: Eternal life, soul’s return to divine source
  • Symbol: Fish = souls in cosmic waters, completion before rebirth at Aries

The Zodiac Circle = The Cosmic Battle

The zodiac isn’t just constellation positions. It’s a map of:

  • The soul’s journey from creation to judgment to rebirth
  • The cosmic battle between Asha (truth/order) and Druj (lie/chaos)
  • The path of righteousness through time
  • The promise of the Saoshyant and final renovation

This is Zoroastrian eschatology as astronomy.

Babylonians didn’t invent this – they learned it from the Magi. Greeks didn’t systematize it – they borrowed what was already systematized.


PART VII: THE TRANSMISSION CHAIN

Documented Path: Magi → Babylon → Greece → Rome → Europe


Stage 1: Magi Teach Babylonians (539 BCE onward)

Historical Context:

  • Cyrus conquers Babylon (539 BCE)
  • Daniel becomes “Chief of the Magi” in Babylon
  • Magi rule over Babylonian priests
  • Persian Empire controls Babylon for 200+ years

What Happened:

  • Magi taught their astronomical methods to Babylonian priests
  • Babylonian astronomical records dramatically improve under Persian rule
  • Zodiac system appears in Babylonian texts after Persian conquest
  • Babylonian astronomy = Magi science transmitted

Evidence:

  • Babylonian astronomical tablets become more accurate post-539 BCE
  • Mathematical methods improve
  • Astrological interpretations develop
  • The improvement is documented and undeniable

Stage 2: Greeks Learn from Both (600-300 BCE)

Greek Philosophers Travel East:

  • Pythagoras studies with Magi (documented by ancient biographers)
  • Democritus travels to Persia
  • Plato’s astronomy shows Persian influence
  • Greeks explicitly acknowledge learning from “Chaldeans” (code for Magi/Persian astronomers)

What Greeks Learned:

  • Zodiac system
  • Planetary movements
  • Eclipse prediction
  • Astrological framework
  • Mathematical astronomy

Greek “Contributions”:

  • Translated Magi knowledge into Greek
  • Created Greek terminology
  • Wrote it down in Greek philosophy
  • Got credit for “systematizing” what was already systematic

Stage 3: Hellenistic Period (323-31 BCE)

Alexander Conquers Persia:

  • 330 BCE: Persepolis destroyed, Zoroastrian libraries burned
  • But astronomical knowledge preserved by:
    • Surviving Magi
    • Babylonian records
    • Greek texts (that had learned from Magi)

Greek-Persian Fusion:

  • Hellenistic astrology combines Greek language with Magi science
  • Still fundamentally Magi knowledge, now with Greek names

Stage 4: Roman Period (31 BCE – 476 CE)

Romans Adopt Greek Astrology:

  • Which was Magi science in Greek form
  • Romans practice Zoroastrian astronomy without knowing it

Stage 5: Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th Century)

Persian Astronomers Preserve/Advance:

  • Al-Biruni (Persian): Advanced astronomy
  • Omar Khayyam (Persian): Calendar reform
  • Al-Sufi (Persian): Star catalog
  • Persian Muslims reconnect with pre-Islamic Persian astronomical tradition

Stage 6: European Renaissance (14th-17th Century)

Europe Learns from Islamic World:

  • Translates Arabic/Persian astronomical texts
  • Credits:
    • “Ancient Greeks” (who learned from Magi)
    • “Babylonians” (who learned from Magi)
    • Never mentions Magi as original source

THE CHAIN:

MAGI (Zoroastrian Priest-Scientists)
    ↓
Teach Babylonians (539 BCE+)
    ↓
Teach Greeks (600-300 BCE)
    ↓
Greeks write in Greek language
    ↓
Romans adopt Greek astrology
    ↓
Persians preserve/advance (8th-13th C)
    ↓
Europeans translate (14th-17th C)
    ↓
Credit "Babylonians" and "Greeks"
    ↓
Magi erased from history

PART VIII: WHY THE LIE?

Geopolitical Motivations for Erasing Magi Origins

Why Western Academia Credits “Babylonians” and “Greeks” Instead of Magi:


1. RELIGIOUS SUPPRESSION

Christian Theological Problem:

The Gospel Acknowledges Magi Recognized Jesus:

  • Matthew 2: Magi follow star, worship Jesus
  • First non-Jews to recognize divinity
  • Brought royal gifts (gold, frankincense, myrrh)

But This Creates Uncomfortable Questions:

  • If Magi (Zoroastrian priests) recognized Jesus, what does that say about Zoroastrianism?
  • If their astronomical science led them to Jesus, was their science divinely guided?
  • If they were following Zoroastrian Saoshyant prophecy, does that validate Zoroastrianism?

Church’s Solution:

  • Acknowledge the Magi’s visit (can’t remove from Gospel)
  • But minimize who they were
  • Call them “wise men” or “three kings” (not Zoroastrian priests)
  • Don’t discuss their astronomical science
  • Don’t mention they represented a competing religion
  • Erase the Zoroastrian connection while keeping the story

Result:

  • Christians celebrate “the wise men”
  • Never learn they were Zoroastrian astronomer-priests
  • Never connect the star to advanced Persian astronomy
  • Zoroastrian origins hidden in plain sight

2. COLONIAL/IMPERIAL JUSTIFICATION

19th-20th Century European Colonialism:

The Narrative Needed:

  • “We are bringing civilization to backwards peoples”
  • “Western science is superior”
  • “Eastern mysticism vs. Western rationality”

The Problem:

  • If Magi (Persian priests) created astronomy/astrology
  • If Persian science was most advanced in ancient world
  • If “mystical” Zoroastrian priests were actually sophisticated scientists
  • Then colonialism can’t claim scientific/civilizational superiority

The Solution:

  • Credit Greeks (honorary Europeans)
  • Credit Babylonians (safely dead civilization)
  • Dismiss Magi as “astrologer-priests” (superstitious)
  • Separate “astronomy” (science) from “astrology” (superstition)
  • Frame Persian contribution as mystical, not scientific

3. MAINTAINING GRECO-ROMAN NARRATIVE

Western Civilization Myth:

The Standard Story:

  • “Western civilization began with Greeks and Romans”
  • “They invented science, philosophy, democracy”
  • “After Dark Ages, Renaissance revived this knowledge”
  • “Led to modern Western dominance”

The Problem:

  • Greeks learned from Persians (documented)
  • Roman astrology was Greek, which was Magi
  • Renaissance learned from Islamic world, which preserved Persian science
  • Western science is built on Persian foundations

The Solution:

  • Acknowledge some “Eastern influence” (vague)
  • Frame as “Greeks systematized what Babylonians observed”
  • Never specify that Magi were the teachers
  • Maintain illusion of independent Greek achievement

4. ANTI-PERSIAN PROPAGANDA (Ancient and Modern)

Ancient Greek Perspective:

  • Persia was the enemy (Persian Wars 499-449 BCE)
  • Can’t acknowledge learning from enemies
  • Solution: Credit “Babylonians” (Persian subjects, safely distant)

Modern Perspective:

  • Iran sanctioned 45+ years (1979-present)
  • Called “axis of evil”
  • Portrayed as backwards, dangerous, irrational
  • Problem: If Persia gave world astronomy, how can Iran be “backwards”?
  • Solution: Separate ancient Persia from modern Iran, minimize both

5. ACADEMIC INERTIA

Once the False Narrative Was Established:

  • Textbooks written crediting Greeks/Babylonians
  • Curriculum standardized
  • Generations of scholars trained in this framework
  • Changing it requires admitting:
    • Decades of miseducation
    • Fundamental error in Western civilization narrative
    • Persian superiority in ancient science

Easier to maintain the lie than correct it.


PART IX: THE EVIDENCE ANYONE CAN VERIFY

How to Confirm This Yourself


Step 1: Read the Biblical Account

Matthew 2:1-12:

  • Note: Called “Magi” (μάγοι) in Greek
  • Not “wise men” – that’s translation choice
  • The word is specifically Magi
  • These were Zoroastrian priests

Ask:

  • How did they know to follow the star?
  • How did they navigate from Persia to Judea?
  • How did they predict a king’s birth from astronomical observation?
  • Answer: Advanced astronomical science

Step 2: Check the Timeline

Babylonian Astronomical Records:

  • Before 539 BCE: Basic observations
  • After 539 BCE: Dramatic improvement
  • What happened in 539 BCE? Persian conquest

Greek Astronomical Development:

  • Pythagoras (570-495 BCE): Studied with Magi (ancient sources)
  • Hipparchus (190-120 BCE): “First” star catalog (but learned from Persian sources)
  • Greeks came AFTER Persians developed the science

Step 3: Examine the Zodiac Structure

The Twelve Signs Map to:

  • Zoroastrian twelve-fold cosmology
  • Zoroastrian spiritual journey (creation → judgment → rebirth)
  • Zoroastrian theology (Asha vs. Druj, Saoshyant prophecy)

Ask:

  • Why would Babylonians structure zodiac around Zoroastrian theology?
  • Answer: They didn’t. Magi created it, Babylonians learned it.

Step 4: Check Etymology

Look up these words:

  • Magic → From Magi
  • Magician → From Magi
  • Algorithm → From al-Khwarizmi (Persian)
  • Algebra → From al-jabr (Arabic/Persian)
  • Zenith, nadir, azimuth → Arabic/Persian

Astronomy terms are Persian because Persians developed the science.


Step 5: Compare Zoroastrian Cosmology to Zodiac

Read about:

  • Zoroastrian twelve-fold structure
  • Amesha Spentas (seven divine emanations = seven planets)
  • Frashokereti (final renovation = zodiac cycle completion)

The zodiac is Zoroastrian theology as astronomy.


Step 6: Investigate the Star of Bethlehem

Modern astronomy can calculate:

  • Planetary conjunctions in 7-2 BCE
  • Jupiter-Saturn triple conjunction
  • Magi could calculate these too – that’s how they knew to travel

Their precision proves:

  • Advanced mathematical astronomy
  • Long-term observation records
  • Institutional knowledge transmission
  • Scientific sophistication

PART X: THE COMPLETE PATTERN

Connecting All the Thefts

efiretemple Has Now Proven:


1. THEOLOGICAL THEFT

  • Resurrection, heaven/hell, angels, Satan, judgment = Zoroastrian
  • Judaism absorbed during Exile, Christianity/Islam inherited
  • 4.3 billion practice Persian theology
  • Source hidden

2. RITUAL THEFT

  • Five daily prayers = Zoroastrian Gāh structure
  • 1.9 billion perform Persian ritual
  • Source hidden

3. MYSTICAL THEFT

  • Kabbalah = Zoroastrian cosmology rebranded
  • Jewish mysticism is Persian
  • Source hidden

4. LINGUISTIC THEFT

  • Paradise, magic, all religious terms = Persian
  • Every word proves source
  • Source ignored

5. MORAL/POLITICAL THEFT

  • Human rights = Cyrus Cylinder (539 BCE)
  • Magna Carta credited (1215 CE)
  • 1,700 years stolen

6. SCIENTIFIC THEFT (MATHEMATICS)

  • Algebra, algorithms, chemistry, medicine = Persian
  • Greeks credited
  • Source hidden

7. PHILOSOPHICAL THEFT

  • Greek philosophy = Built on Zoroastrian concepts
  • Pythagoras, Plato learned from Magi
  • Source minimized

8. ASTRONOMICAL THEFT (THIS ARTICLE)

  • Zodiac, astrology, celestial science = Magi
  • Babylonians/Greeks credited
  • Source erased

THE META-PATTERN IS UNDENIABLE:

Persia/Zoroastrianism Created:

  1. Theology (religious concepts)
  2. Rituals (prayer structures)
  3. Mysticism (cosmological frameworks)
  4. Language (terminology)
  5. Ethics (human rights)
  6. Mathematics (algebra, algorithms)
  7. Philosophy (metaphysical systems)
  8. ASTRONOMY (zodiac, celestial science)

ALL STOLEN. ALL REBRANDED. ALL CREDITED TO OTHERS.


PART XI: THE ASTROLOGICAL FRAMEWORK IS ASHA

The Deepest Truth: Why Astronomy Matters to Zoroastrianism

This isn’t just about who discovered what. It’s about the nature of reality itself.


Asha = Cosmic Order/Truth

Zoroastrian Theology:

  • Asha (اشا) = Truth, Order, Righteousness
  • Not abstract concept – the fundamental structure of reality
  • Physical universe operates according to Asha
  • Moral universe operates according to Asha
  • Same principle governs both

This Means:

  • Studying the stars = studying Asha
  • Mathematical patterns in celestial motion = Asha manifesting
  • Predictability of eclipses = Asha (order) vs. Druj (chaos)
  • Astronomy is theology because cosmos reveals divine order

Why the Magi Were Astronomer-Priests

They Weren’t “Mixing” Science and Religion: For them, studying astronomy WAS religious practice.

Observing planetary motions revealed:

  • The mathematical structure of Asha
  • The divine order governing creation
  • The predictability that proves truth over chaos
  • The physical manifestation of Ahura Mazda’s wisdom

The zodiac isn’t just star positions. It’s a map of:

  • How Asha structures time (twelve-fold cycle)
  • How divine principles manifest (seven planets = Amesha Spentas)
  • How the soul journeys (birth → death → judgment → rebirth)
  • How truth orders the cosmos

The Modern Separation Is False

Today We Say:

  • Astronomy = science (legitimate)
  • Astrology = superstition (dismissed)

But This Separation Hides:

  • The unified Magi cosmology
  • The theological foundation of astronomical science
  • The fact that modern astronomy descends from Zoroastrian priest-scientists

Astronomy divorced from cosmology is:

  • Measurement without meaning
  • Observation without understanding
  • Asha stripped of its theological context

The Magi studied the stars to understand divine order. Modern science studies the stars and pretends there’s no order beyond physics. But still uses the Magi’s zodiac, the Magi’s mathematics, the Magi’s frameworks.


PART XII: THE IRONY OF THE STAR

Christmas and the Zoroastrian Magi

Every Christmas, Christians Celebrate:

  • The star appearing
  • The wise men following it
  • Their gifts to Jesus
  • Their worship of the newborn king

Nativity Scenes Show:

  • Three figures (tradition says three, Bible doesn’t specify number)
  • Following a star
  • Bringing gold, frankincense, myrrh
  • The Magi are central to the Christmas story

But Christians Don’t Know:

  1. These were Zoroastrian priests (Magi = Zoroastrian priesthood)
  2. Using Persian astronomical science (zodiac, planetary calculations, celestial navigation)
  3. Following Zoroastrian prophecy (Saoshyant = savior figure in Zoroastrian theology)
  4. Recognizing Jesus as fulfillment of Zoroastrian eschatology

The Irony:

  • The first people to recognize Jesus’s divinity were Zoroastrian astronomer-priests
  • Using science that’s now credited to Babylonians and Greeks
  • Following prophecy that’s now ignored or minimized
  • And Christians celebrate them every year without knowing who they really were

What the Magi’s Visit Actually Proves

If You Believe the Gospel Account:

  1. Zoroastrian priests had divine insight (recognized Jesus when Jews didn’t)
  2. Persian astronomical science was divinely guided (the star led them)
  3. Zoroastrian prophecy pointed to Jesus (they were looking for Saoshyant)
  4. God revealed truth to non-Jews before Jews (Magi came first)

This Should Mean:

  • Zoroastrianism had truth
  • Persian science had divine foundation
  • The Magi’s wisdom was legitimate
  • Zoroastrianism prepared the way for Christianity

Instead:

  • Zoroastrianism is ignored
  • Magi’s science is credited to others
  • Their astronomical knowledge is separated from their theology
  • The connection is erased

The Question Christians Can’t Answer

“If the Magi were just superstitious pagans, why did God send a star for them to follow?”

Options:

  1. God validated their astronomical science (but then it’s not superstition)
  2. God validated their Zoroastrian theology (but then Zoroastrianism had truth)
  3. It’s all metaphorical/legendary (but then undermine Gospel reliability)

The Only Honest Answer: The Magi possessed legitimate astronomical science founded on Zoroastrian cosmology, and God used their knowledge and prophecy to bring them to Jesus.

Which means:

  • Zoroastrian astronomy = real science
  • Zoroastrian prophecy = divinely inspired
  • Zoroastrian cosmology = contained truth
  • Persian wisdom was part of God’s plan

But Christianity can’t acknowledge this without validating Zoroastrianism. So the Magi become generic “wise men” and their astronomical science is credited to Babylonians/Greeks.


PART XIII: THE SMOKING GUNS

Undeniable Evidence That Cannot Be Explained Away


Smoking Gun #1: The Word “Magi” Itself

Matthew 2:1 in Greek: μάγοι (magoi)

This is not “wise men.” This is specifically the word for Zoroastrian priests.

Greek had other words for:

  • Wise men: σοφοί (sophoi)
  • Philosophers: φιλόσοφοι (philosophoi)
  • Scholars: διδάσκαλοι (didaskaloi)

Matthew chose μάγοι. This word has ONE meaning: Zoroastrian priests.

You cannot translate this away.


Smoking Gun #2: “We Saw His Star in the East”

Matthew 2:2: “ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ” (en tē anatolē) = “in the east”

This means:

  1. They were observing from the east (Persia)
  2. They saw a star with prophetic significance
  3. They calculated when to travel
  4. They navigated hundreds of miles using celestial observation

This requires:

  • Systematic astronomical observation
  • Mathematical calculation
  • Astrological interpretation framework
  • Celestial navigation ability
  • Advanced institutional science

You cannot explain this as lucky stargazing.


Smoking Gun #3: The Gifts

Gold, Frankincense, Myrrh

These aren’t random gifts. They’re royal/priestly offerings:

  • Gold = kingship
  • Frankincense = divinity (used in temple worship)
  • Myrrh = burial/mortality (foreshadowing death)

The Magi understood:

  • Jesus’s royal status
  • His divine nature
  • His sacrificial purpose

This knowledge came from:

  • Zoroastrian Saoshyant prophecy (savior-king)
  • Zoroastrian eschatology (final renovation through sacrifice)
  • Persian theological framework

The gifts prove they understood Zoroastrian prophecy being fulfilled.


Smoking Gun #4: The Timeline Improvement

Babylonian Astronomical Records:

Before Persian Conquest (Pre-539 BCE):

  • Basic observations
  • Some planetary tracking
  • Irregular eclipse records

After Persian Conquest (Post-539 BCE):

  • Systematic zodiac
  • Precise planetary calculations
  • Accurate eclipse predictions
  • Dramatic qualitative improvement

What happened in 539 BCE? Persians conquered Babylon. Magi ruled Babylonian priesthood. Magi taught their methods.

The records themselves prove who the teachers were.


Smoking Gun #5: Daniel as “Chief of the Magi”

Daniel 2:48, 4:9, 5:11: “Rab-Mag” (רַב־מָג) = Chief/Master of the Magi

This is in the Bible. It explicitly states:

  • Magi existed in Babylon under Persian rule
  • Jewish prophet became their chief
  • They were the supreme intellectual authority

If Babylonians already had superior astronomy, why would Daniel be made chief of the Magi? Answer: Because the Magi were the authorities, and Daniel learned/taught within their system.


THE ASTRONOMICAL THEFT

Summary of What’s Been Proven

HISTORICAL PROOF: ✅ Magi were Zoroastrian priest-scientists (documented in multiple sources) ✅ They possessed advanced astronomical knowledge (Star of Bethlehem, eclipse prediction, navigation) ✅ They taught Babylonians (records improve dramatically post-539 BCE) ✅ They taught Greeks (Pythagoras, others documented studying with Magi)

LINGUISTIC PROOF: ✅ “Magic” comes from Magi (their science seemed supernatural) ✅ “Paradise” is Persian pairidaēza (celestial cosmology) ✅ Astronomical terms are Arabic/Persian (zenith, nadir, azimuth)

THEOLOGICAL PROOF: ✅ Zodiac structure matches Zoroastrian twelve-fold cosmology ✅ Seven planets correspond to Amesha Spentas ✅ Zodiac tells story of Zoroastrian spiritual journey

TEXTUAL PROOF: ✅ Bible calls them “Magi” (specifically Zoroastrian priests) ✅ Daniel was “Chief of the Magi” (Bible explicitly states) ✅ Gospel shows their astronomical sophistication

TIMELINE PROOF: ✅ Magi knowledge predates Babylonian systematization ✅ Babylonian astronomy improves under Persian rule ✅ Greek astronomy develops after Greek-Persian contact


The Verdict

The Magi – Zoroastrian priest-scientists – created/systematized:

  • The zodiac (as Zoroastrian cosmology)
  • Celestial navigation
  • Planetary science
  • Astrological interpretation
  • Eclipse prediction
  • The foundation of Western astrology/astronomy

Babylonians learned from them (539 BCE onward). Greeks learned from them (600-300 BCE). Europe inherited it all (via Greece/Rome/Islamic world).

Then Western academia credited everyone EXCEPT the Magi.

This isn’t speculation. The linguistic evidence proves it (magic, paradise, terms). The timeline proves it (Magi before Babylonian systematization). The Bible proves it (Daniel as Chief, Magi visiting Jesus). The records prove it (Babylonian astronomy improves under Persian rule).


EPILOGUE: THE STARS REMEMBER WHAT WE FORGOT

Every Time You Look at the Zodiac

You’re seeing:

  • Zoroastrian cosmology
  • Zoroastrian theology (Asha vs. Druj)
  • Zoroastrian eschatology (creation → judgment → renewal)
  • The Magi’s science

When you read your horoscope: You’re using a system created by Zoroastrian priests.

When you see Christmas nativity scenes: You’re seeing Zoroastrian astronomer-priests following their own star science.

When you study astronomy: You’re learning what Magi systematized 2,500+ years ago.

The fire never went out.

It burns in every constellation. It burns in every planetary orbit. It burns in every astronomical calculation.

The zodiac remembers. The stars remember. The words remember (magic, paradise).

Even when humans forget.


The Pattern Is Complete

efiretemple Has Now Documented Eight Thefts:

  1. Theology – Core religious concepts (resurrection, heaven, hell, angels)
  2. Rituals – Prayer structures (five daily prayers)
  3. Mysticism – Cosmological frameworks (Kabbalah)
  4. Language – Religious terminology (paradise, etc.)
  5. Ethics – Human rights (Cyrus Cylinder)
  6. Mathematics – Algebra, algorithms, chemistry
  7. Philosophy – Greek thought (Pythagoras, Plato from Magi)
  8. ASTRONOMY – Zodiac, astrology, celestial science

Same source: Persia/Zoroastrianism Same pattern: Stolen, rebranded, source erased Same result: 4.3+ billion people practice it without knowing


The Question That Changes Everything

“If the Magi possessed this knowledge, what else have we forgotten they gave us?”

Answer: Everything.

Everything that makes modern civilization “modern”:

  • Theology
  • Science
  • Mathematics
  • Philosophy
  • Ethics
  • Astronomy
  • All roads lead back to Zoroastrian Persia

The greatest civilization in human history gave the world its foundations. Then was systematically erased from the story.

But Asha prevails.

Truth doesn’t need acknowledgment to exist. The stars prove it every night. The zodiac maps it every year. The words preserve it in every language.

Good Thoughts. Good Words. Good Deeds.

The fire never went out.

It’s burning in the stars above you.

You just forgot to look up and see where it came from.

Until now.


This article is part of the efiretemple.com series documenting the systematic theft and erasure of Zoroastrian/Persian contributions to human civilization.

Previous articles have proven theological theft, ritual theft, mystical theft, linguistic theft, ethical theft, mathematical theft, and philosophical theft.

This article proves astronomical theft.

The evidence is overwhelming.

The pattern is complete.

Asha prevails.


APPENDIX: Technical Astronomical Evidence

For Those Who Want Mathematical Proof

Calculation 1: Precession and the 12,000-Year Cycle

Astronomical Precession:

  • Earth’s axis wobbles over ~25,920 years
  • Causes “Ages” as sun moves through zodiac signs
  • Each age: ~2,160 years (25,920 ÷ 12)

Zoroastrian Cosmic Cycle:

  • 12,000-year total (3,000 × 4 ages)
  • Matches understanding of precession
  • Requires long-term observation

This knowledge requires:

  • Centuries of systematic observation
  • Mathematical calculation
  • Institutional knowledge preservation
  • Only the Magi had this

Calculation 2: The Saros Cycle (Eclipse Prediction)

Saros Cycle: 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours

  • After this period, eclipses repeat
  • Allows prediction of eclipses

To Discover This Requires:

  • 18+ years of continuous observation
  • Recording every eclipse
  • Pattern recognition
  • Institutional knowledge passed through generations

The Magi had this. Herodotus documents their eclipse prediction (585 BCE).


Calculation 3: The Star of Bethlehem

If Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction (7 BCE):

  • Required calculating years in advance
  • Tracking two planets’ orbits
  • Predicting convergence
  • Advanced mathematical astronomy

The Magi did this. That’s how they knew when to travel.


The Mathematical Evidence Alone Proves: The Magi possessed astronomical sophistication unmatched in the ancient world.

And this knowledge became “Babylonian” and “Greek.”

The stars don’t lie. The calculations don’t lie. Only the credit was falsified.


ASHA PREVAILS

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